![]() ![]() This phenomenon, called "synaptic plasticity", is important for maintaining the brain´s ability to create new nerve networks, which in turn allows us to create new memories or learn new behaviours and skills. Protein turnover ensures that synapses - the structures that allow an electrical or chemical impulse from one nerve cell to another - remain flexible. It also gives a cell the ability to change its entire proteome - all the proteins it contains - to respond quickly to internal and external signals, such as hormones or electrical impulses. Under normal conditions, this turnover is continuous, and ensures that damaged proteins can be removed and replaced by new ones. The "turnover" of proteins in a cell is balanced by how much protein is manufactured and how much is broken down. Proteins are the mechanical engines of the cell, carrying out many essential functions. These kinds of alterations may be important in our abilities to learn and form memories, especially as protein turnover plays a crucial role in these processes. The study, published in eLife, provides essential insights into how the components of different cells in the brain are altered. Scientists have revealed that protein molecules in the brain are broken down and replaced at different rates, depending on where in the brain they are. As suggested in several publications, a bolus of 15-20 g protein (from skimmed milk or whey proteins) and carbohydrate (± 30 g maltodextrine) drinks is needed immediately after stopping exercise to stimulate muscle protein and tendon collagen turnover within 1 h.New findings provide insight on how the components of different cells in the brain are altered, which could affect our abilities to learn and form memories. Muscular activities promote a cascade of signals leading to the stimulation of eukaryotic initiation of myofibrillar protein synthesis. Nitrogen balance (difference between protein intake and protein degradation) for athletes is usually balanced when the intake of protein reaches 1.2 g Endurance exercise induces a greater oxidative capacity (enzymes) compared to resistance exercise, which induces fiber hypertrophy (myofibrils). Individuals who exercise respond differently when resistance and endurance types of contractions are compared. Strenuous exercise provokes increased proteolysis and decreased protein synthesis, the opposite occurring during the recovery period. There are different fractional synthesis rates in skeletal muscle and tendon tissues, but there is no major difference between collagen and myofibrillar protein synthesis. Stable isotopic tracers ((13)C-lysine, (15)N-glycine, ²H5-phenylalanine) and arteriovenous differences have been used in studies of skeletal muscle and collagen tissues under resting and exercise conditions. Noninvasive and invasive techniques have been applied to determine amino acid catabolism and muscle protein building at rest, during exercise and during the recovery period after a single experiment or training sessions. As for any cell or tissue, total muscle protein reflects a dynamic turnover between net protein synthesis and degradation. Skeletal muscle is the major deposit of protein molecules. ![]()
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